The Education Of African Americans Essay - 867 Words

Historically black colleges and universities, otherwise known as HBCUs, have played an integral role in advancing the education of underprivileged black teenagers since their inception after the American Civil War. They have had students extremely well known in their fields today, such as billionaire entertainer Oprah Winfrey, the first African American Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, and civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr. Though their graduation rates tend to be around 1 in 3, they have produced a majority of successful African American professionals. For the continued advancement of African Americans, HBCUs are necessary for offering educational opportunities that their students had been historically denied and presently out of financial reach, while promoting strong family values and equality that may be lacking at traditional schools and displaying positive African American role models in their alumni and staff. HBCUs can at earliest be dated back to before the Civil War, when the majority of colleges wouldn’t admit African American students on the premise of their race alone These schools were created specifically for the education of African Americans due to the fact that while some states had educational facilities open to all in the North and West, most of the South had segregated systems that forbade the admittance of African Americans. In 1890, the Agricultural College Act was passed, requiring segregated states to create a separate land grantShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of African American Education1559 Words   |  7 Pagesthe quality of education received by people in the United States ( Gordon, 1990; Williams Land, 2006). The western curriculum serves the cultural interest of whites, who have their roots in the European countries. It does not favor the cultural interest of African Americans, but it would only make sense that African American people are educated on true A frican history. The African American quest for education has been discussed by many African scholars and the struggles that African communities faceRead MoreThe Education Of African American Children2063 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Ever since the establishment of equal education in the United States, there has been a disparity in academic success between children of different races. The education of African American children has become a prime example of this. As discussed in the historical text, A Letter to My Nephew, which was written during the time of the civil rights movement in the 1950’s and 1960’s, African Americans were not given equal opportunities to succeed educationally and could do little toRead MoreAfrican American Professionals And Higher Education1142 Words   |  5 Pagesresearching, African-American professionals in higher education, I never realized that indeed there was truth in the obstacles, restrictions and biases in their way that must be overcome. In this research paper we will highlight and discuss some of the reasons that African- American professionals faces in higher education and some of the resources, that can be used to dismantle the indifferences. The progress ha s been slow in the academic arena for African-Americans in higher education. It has beingRead MoreAfrican American Students and Equal Education 786 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies African Americans have fought for equal rights, one of them being an opportunity for the chance to get an equal education. Many people believe that African Americans have an equal or better chance at getting an education than other students. This is not the case when in fact, it is actually harder for these three reasons: African American students tend to come from harsh, poverty stricken atmospheres. Shattered family lifestyles that make it difficult to pursue a higher education becauseRead MoreThe And Inferior Quality Of Education For African Americans858 Words   |  4 PagesEducation in America is a continually changing process that develops through centuries of history, social standards of the present, and goals for the future. The purposeful separation and inferior quality of education for African A mericans maintained the idea of white supremacy. The enduring struggle for equal African American education in this country developed under a large oak tree in Hampton Virginia (History, 2010). Mary Peake risked her freedom to direct an unlawful class for refugees to aidRead MoreAfrican American Males s Education1399 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American males struggle every day to prove their worth in an educational setting. According to society these young men are when it comes to their peers. Early education or daycare is a child’s first educational learning experience outside the home. However, not all African American males have this experience. A handful of African American males miss the opportunity to experience the positive benefits of learning social and cognitive skills. As a result, the absence of the early educationRead MoreAfrican American Students And Special Education923 Words   |  4 PagesIn education, the main goal is for all students to receive an eq ual and optimal opportunity for success, which also includes students with special needs. To ensure this aim is reached, schools ought to have measures in place to establish students who necessitate special education services to achieve and progress in their schooling. Contradictory to this idea, nonetheless, learners are inaccurately referred for special education placement. The process begins to become questionable when it happensRead MoreAfrican American Parents With Special Education2782 Words   |  12 PagesDiscussion Because African American children represent a large percentage of students in special education programs, an understanding of their parents’ views on the special education process should be an integral aspect of professional preparation and professional practice (Harry, 2008). This review was conducted to understand the experiences and perceptions of African American parents who have children with disabilities and are receiving special education services. I have reviewed a total of thirteenRead MoreAfrican Americans On Education : Malcolm X On A Homemade Education1575 Words   |  7 Pages Views of African Americans on education: Malcolm X on a Homemade Education; W.E.B. Dubois in Education; and Oliver Crowell Cox in Education Okema Johnson Coppin State University IDST 499-401 Dr. Ray September 9, 2015 Education is an important aspect in the lives of many individuals. Education is often seen as a means to better oneself. With education, a whole new world can be opened up to individuals. For African Americans education is key to achieving a variety of things inRead MoreAfrican American Students From Special Education1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe study also implies that all African American students are less likely than their European American colleagues to be withdrawn from special education. These African American students may exhibit lower achievement gains while in special education, according to the U.S. Department of Education, 2004 (Banks, J. j., Hughes, M. S. 2013). In 2006, the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights reported that African American students represent 17.13% of the total public school population

Feminism And Gender And Ethnic Studies - 1172 Words

My Interpretation of Feminism Feminism has had a deep impact on me since I was infantile. Though she never mentioned it, my mother was an active feminist. I grew up playing with toys considered to belong to either sex. I was taught to be strong and to let my emotions out, and I was given freedom to make my own identity. This was my first experience of social feminism, followed years later by learning the definition of feminism and learning to also see discrimination politically and economically. To further my understanding of feminism, I am currently taking the class Introduction to Women’s Gender and Ethnic Studies. During the first unit, I studied more in-depth about different types of feminism, and the feminism waves throughout†¦show more content†¦I then resorted back to â€Å"girly† hobbies, such as arts and crafts or experimenting outfit styles. I still spend at least ten minutes each morning adorning my hair. As far as my initial views on feminism went, the only difference I saw between men and women were physique. I would soon learn what it meant to be a feminist. Later, in high school, I met my significant other. She grew up in a family of engaged feminists. One day she asked me whether I considered myself feminist. At this point, I had never thought much of it, so I said â€Å"No.† She taught me exactly what it meant to be feminist, not the man-hating, hateful person, but the caring, thoughtful person who stands up for equality amongst sexes, genders, and races. After that, I have always considered myself a feminist. Earlier this year I decided to take the Introduction to Women’s Gender and Ethnic studies class during my first semester of college. After studying the first unit of the class, I learned about different feminisms. I now know about liberal feminists, who â€Å"campaigned for equal rights of citizenship and for the end of discrimination,† (); socialist feminists, who â€Å"attributed women’s oppression to capitalism and focused on women’s economic exploitation,† (); and radical feminists, who â€Å"identified male power or patriarchy as the source of female subordination,† (). These forms of feminism developed new attitudes and goals throughout the different waves of feminism in the past two centuries.

Korean Players in Major League Baseball - 1588 Words

Even though Chan-Ho Park’s case proved that Korean players could compete in Major League Baseball, none of other Koreans successfully settled in U.S.A. after Park. Approximately after ten years, a similar case with Park’s debut came out with Shin-Soo Choo. Shin-Soo Choo, who did not make a debut in Korean Baseball Championship before debuting in Major League Baseball, made debut with Seattle Mariners on 21 April 2005. Choo dreamed about Major League Baseball, which led him into a Rookie contract with Seattle mariners after his graduation from high school in 2000. Therefore, he made up to Seattle Mariners’s Minor League and even up to Major League (â€Å"Choo Shin Soo†). Nonetheless, his debut in the Major League did not lead him into†¦show more content†¦He signed for $36 million over six seasons and an opt-out after five years if he has pitched 750 innings. According to his biography, he also had Tommy John surgery when he was in high school, wh ich raised an immediate red flag among the local reporters. There were too many what if’s and red flags associated with Ryu as he prepared for his first season in Major League Baseball to think that he can be an impact starting pitcher coming from Korea Baseball Championship (Wells). Despite the doubts over his ability, he was determined to prove everyone wrong and had grounds for confidence. In 2006, he made a historic debut as he was named both the leagues Rookie of the Year and MVP after posting an 18-6 record with a 2.23 ERA and 205 strikeouts. With an impressive performance, he garnered international recognition in 2008 as a member of South Koreas Olympic gold-medal winning team and in the 2009 World Baseball Classic (Rosenbaum). According to the scouting report of Baseball America, he just turned 22, but he already pitches like a veteran. 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Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty

Question: Does Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty? Answer: Introduction A good percentage of governments across the globe depend for foreign aid to cater for their citizens. Most of these countries are drawn from the third world as a result of the high levels of poverty and stagnated economic growth. In Africa alone, all the 54 countries depend on foreign aid to fund their sectors and in the end stimulate growth. As most of the nations continue to benefit from foreign aid, there is a growing concern that this habit is not helping countries to stand alone and take the initiative towards self-dependency (Ndambendia Njoupouognigni, 2010). Policy makers and experts have been inevitably re-examining the role of foreign aid in developing countries, and they seem to be agreeing that foreign aid is a double-edged sword with positives and negatives in equal measure. In the same regard, it is imperative that most countries are grappling from high levels of wastage and corruption directed at aid funds as such, it is high time governments and stakeholders re-define d the role of foreign assistance and act promptly. South Africa receives substantive foreign aid annually from her key allies notably the United States. According to the latest statistics, the South African Government received a total of $275m from the US government in 2010 (Bald, 2011).This money was channeled through aid agencies and directed at various projects with the largest portion going to the health sector followed by development. This figure represents a decrease of more than 80% from the previous year (2009).This significant drop has been attributed to the dwindling global economy that culminates in foreign partners scaling down the figures as the economic downturn continues to bite. Going down to the ground, foreign aid has been a target for corruption cartels in South Africa who siphon around 33% of the annual foreign aid. Under such conditions, it is pertinent to reiterate that there is fear and caution among donors. However, South Africa can find solace in the fact that it is one of the largest economies in Africa and foreign aid makes up only 0.5% of the total GDP. Development Theories Several development theories have been put across to explain the impact of foreign aid and ultimately determine if it stimulates growth or not. These theories take into account several factors including the key indicators of growth as well as the priorities set by the governments in the process of utilizing aid (Dopfer Potts, 2015). These theories are founded on the rationale that foreign aid can have a short-term or long-term impact on the economy but cannot alleviate the challenges completely. Therefore, to understand the dynamics and intrigues of foreign aid, it is vital to explore the issue in relation to these theories before reaching to a conclusion. Fundamentally, development theories examine how nations can achieve desirable transformation in the society. Dependency Theory The Dependency theory emerged in the late 1950s when economists at the United Nations Economic Commission embarked on a series of studies to address the growing economic disparity between Western and third world nations. As most countries sought to forge economic and trade partnerships, there was fear that this was only benefiting a cluster of a few nations at the expense of the majority. According to the theory, poor nations would continue to get poorer because they exported their raw materials to the rich countries and then import finished products of the same material (Ferraro, 2008). In the process, powerful economies gave little back to the smaller nations in terms of aid to absolve themselves from any blame. The theorists argued that the impact of foreign aid was small and was not enough to revolutionize societies through economic stimulation and empowerment. Whereas foreign aid channeled through NGOs was seen as an ideal undertaking, the theory argues that this new dependency is running down good governance, responsibility, and accountability in many nations. The theory admits and refutes in parts the notion that foreign aid can reduce poverty. Regardless of the millions of dollars that are disbursed to African countries from America and other donors, this does not take way the fact that the core problem lies in the inequitable distribution of resources between nations. In this regard, countries that continue to tame the increased consumption of resources by its citizens will continue to depend on foreign aid for sustainable development and improvement of living standards (Thiombiano, 2016). Therefore, when the demand for fundamental services and amenities balloons, the foreign aid will not cushion the people against the extremes of poverty. A recent study by IMF found out that whereas foreign aid to Africa has been growing annually, the poverty index has not responded accordingly. The survey pointed out that aid disbursement is encouraging inefficiencies and wastage among developing nations and the effects trickle down to the people. Mos t governments are reluctant to seal the loopholes because they anticipate more foreign aid. Modernization Theory The modernization theory argues that a modern society can only exist in the present of robust social and economic structures that bring every citizen at par with the government reserves. The theory asserts that there are a misconception and a disconnection between economic development and poverty, especially in developing nations. It points out that social evolution in many societies is halted by the slow economic take-off and the failure of authorities to offer instant economic interventions (Inglehart Welzel, 2010). The modernization theory seeks to address the various aspects of a functioning society and the role of the government I securing the socio-economic security of the people. According to the theory, poverty is as a result of internal economic disconnections between people and government but can be solved by reducing dependency on external interventions. Through the modernization theory, it is imperative that foreign aid is one of the hindrances of self-regulation and government responsiveness to the needs of its people. Foreign aid targets empowering communities through education, sanitation and growth opportunities. Whereas it is evident that the society can derive some benefit from there, the larger picture implies the contrary. Most countries that depend on foreign aid to run substantive parts of their budgets have no channels of unleashing the potential laid down by foreign aid. Moreover, this aid comes under stringent provisions and can change the equation as countries tend to donate to nations where they can equally benefit. For example, investment of foreign aid in education by NGOs depends on the regimes ability to put in place enough infrastructures so that there is continuity. However, most countries are unable to do this, and the progress that foreign aid has initiated is halted. Structural Poverty Theory Amid the growing debate on the connection between poverty and foreign aid, less attention is being given to the nature of poverty that the latter can or cannot alleviate. This theory documents that the persistent levels of poverty in Africa follow a basic pattern because of economic systems that limit their income (Tingley, 2010). The theory asserts that the dynamism of African people is being held back by economically depleted systems that have numerous barriers to growth. Therefore, hardships keep emerging and creating holes that cannot be sealed even in the change of times. Africans are poor because of the failure of government to put in place systems that can work to reduce poverty. In such a scenario, foreign aid becomes an alternative channel to getting out of poverty but since it is not constant, the economic holes keep recurring (Milner, 2013). The structural poverty theory contradicts the individual poverty theory and seeks to dispel the notion that poverty is a personal choice that emanates from being lazy and less innovative. The former points out that people in African nations are hard-working, but they are restrained by bad governance and corruption from prospering. As such, any monetary input is likely to have little impact since the problems are escalating by day. The Failure of Aid in Reducing Poverty It is ironical that millions of Africans continue to wallow in poverty while stepping on reserves of precious raw materials. It is even more surprising that more than 75% of the African countries budgets rely on foreign aid. As former Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade put it, a country can never develop out of aid or credit" (Ayodele., et al, 2005). This is the reality that most African nations have failed to accept. The African scenario is made even more difficult by the absence of policies that embrace the free market approach that has been credited for the growth of countries like Taiwan and Singapore. In fact, a study by CATO in 2015 revealed that the more the foreign aid pumped to Africa, the lower the standards of living. The study pointed out that foreign aid is a recipe for corruption and bureaucracy. A substantive percentage of aid money is lost through wastage and in such countries, there is little or no economic stimulation targeting the core causes of poverty. Another reason for the failure of foreign aid in reducing poverty is the dismal figures of local investment. African nations have failed to lay down enabling policies and markets that can attract domestic investment. Foreign nations have put more investment in African nations, and whereas this promotes economic development, it also culminates in grooming a society that is compounded by persistent poverty. The role of foreign aid is thus submerged in uncertainties occasioned by infiltration of the market by foreigners (Tupy, 2005). Most countries, especially in Africa, have failed to prioritize internal investment over foreign investment. Consequently, a huge chunk of the money that streams in from abroad is used in activities that the government would have funded in the first place by giving access to the market and facilitation through policy making and priority setting. In the same regard, most of the foreign investors disburse the returns to their homeland and the cycle continues as citizens stagnate in poverty. Foreign aid is also failing because of bureaucracy in African nations that receive huge amounts of foreign aid. The aid channeled by governments through government agencies has become a major casualty of massive bureaucracy and sabotage (Andrews, 2009). States are refusing to baulk to Western pressure to implement reforms so that monitoring and evaluation can be possible. A survey done by IMF in 2010 revealed that only 4% of the countries in Africa can account for more than 80% of the foreign aid allocation. However, much of the funds had been deployed to projects that are likely to take longer to have a desirable impact on communities. For instance one of the countries (Lesotho) was more transparent but the poverty levels had not moved up in a five-year period (Bearce Tirone, 2010). This is because of the failure of the government to leverage the priorities with the provisions and policies of donor fund. Therefore, the likelihood of the poverty index dropping is almost negligible c onsidering that the key indicators of economic well-being and prosperity send a negative signal that scales down the level of funding in future. Culture has also been blamed on the slow responsiveness Africa to foreign aid and eventual alleviation of poverty. Economists argue that the poverty that has persisted in Africa over decades is as a result of psychological inferiority that is immune to any stimulation by monetary input (Small., et al, 2010). They argue that whereas most of the nations in the Dark Continent were at par with their counterparts from the East, the present state of economic development is quite different because Africa still thrives in the ancient culture of dependency. Africans consider themselves as less fortunate, and they feel that is the obligation of donor states to pump in millions of dollars so that they can get out of poverty (Winters, 2010). In this context, progress cannot be achieved if the society lives without laying a marker on how to reduce poverty by limiting their dependence on foreign aid. Therefore, despite concerted efforts to safeguard the usage of foreign aid, little progress can be expected unless there is a change of perception. Conclusion This paper has looked at the link between foreign aid and development in African countries. The study has examined the ability of foreign aid to reduce poverty and spur economic development in African countries. Based on the arguments and in relation to three (3) development theories, it is clear that this debate elicits several reactions. However, it is bold to state that foreign aid is an integral part of many economies in the world. However, there is need for African countries to reduce dependence by embarking on internal policies and programs that will improve the lives of the people. References Dopfer, K., Potts, J. (2015).The general theory of economic evolution. Routledge. Ferraro, V. (2008). Dependency theory: An introduction.The development economics reader,12(2), 58-64. Thiombiano, D. (2016). Chinas foreign aid in Africa: The Case Studies of Angola and Niger. Inglehart, R., Welzel, C. (2010). Changing mass priorities: The link between modernization and democracy.Perspectives on Politics,8(02), 551-567. Ayodele, T., Cudjoe, F., Nolutshungu, T. A., Sunwabe, C. K. (2005). African perspectives on aid: Foreign assistance will not pull Africa out of poverty.Economic Development Bulletin,2, 1-4. Tupy, M. L. (2005). Poverty That Defies Aid.CATO Institute. Andrews, N. (2009). Foreign aid and development in Africa: What the literature says and what the reality is.Journal of African Studies and Development,1(1), 8. Milner IV, H. R. (2013). Analyzing poverty, learning, and teaching through a critical race theory lens.Review of Research in Education,37(1), 1-53. Small, M. L., Harding, D. J., Lamont, M. (2010). Reconsidering culture and poverty. Williamson, C. R. (2010). Exploring the failure of foreign aid: The role of incentives and information.The review of Austrian economics,23(1), 17-33. Bearce, D. H., Tirone, D. C. (2010). Foreign aid effectiveness and the strategic goals of donor governments.The Journal of Politics,72(3), 837-851. Winters, M. S. (2010). Accountability, participation and foreign aid effectiveness.International Studies Review,12(2), 218-243. Tingley, D. (2010). Donors and domestic politics: Political influences on foreign aid effort.The quarterly review of economics and finance,50(1), 40-49. Ekanayake, E. M., Chatrna, D. (2010). The effect of foreign aid on economic growth in developing countries.Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies,3, 1. Bald, Y. (2011). The impact of remittances and foreign aid on savings/investment in Sub?Saharan Africa.African Development Review,23(2), 247-262. Ndambendia, H., Njoupouognigni, M. (2010). Foreign aid, foreign direct investment and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from pooled mean group estimator (PMG).International journal of economics and finance,2(3), 39-45.