Research paper about computer addiction Essay

Chapter 1 in Research About Computer Games Addiction EFFECTS OF INVOLVEMENT IN COMPUTER GAMES TO THE STUDY HABITS OF THE MARIAN FRESHMEN STUDENTS DURING THE FIRST SEMESTER OF SCHOOL YEAR 2012-2013 A Research Presented to Mr. Paul C. Morales Saint Mary’s University Bayombong, Nueva Viscaya In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements in _________________________ Submitted By: Kimberly Anne Martinez Lloyd Rico Antonio Manuel Douglas Inaldo Leigrich Salvador Herman Anthony Aseron February 2013 Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Rationale Modernization of living has a great impact to one of us, specifically in the field of technologythat introduces us to this, computer age because of its many benefits that makes our lives better and helps us do work a lot better. One evidence is the excessive of use of computers of some Marian students, it gives us a faster access to the world and is very beneficial to our studies like doing paper works and at the same time, entertainment. But as computers became more popular, some students overused it and become a bad leisure for them causing them to skip their classes, they could not concentrate, and they become irresponsible, they didn’t do their school stuffs and obliviously overspending their allowance in paying a gaming computer unit and a bet. Lessen, determine and prevent computer addiction, are in the mind of the researchers in conducting this study. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The primary aim of this study is to obtain relevant information in the involvement of the college freshmen students towards computer games. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following factors: 1.1 Amenability of hanging with computer 1.2 Interest in computer gaming 1.3 Awareness in the possible effects of too much exposure in computer games 1.4 Self-control 2. What are the most common factors which make involve them in computer games? 2.1 Leisure time 2.2 Hobby 2.3 Friends 3. What are the most pressing problems in their study habits as they go and play computer games in terms of the following: 3.1 Time for studying 3.2 Concentration 3.3 Motivation of learning 4. What are their ways to balance their gaming habit and study habit if there is, in terms of the following: 4.1 Time management 4.2 Self-control SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The expected result if this research endeavour will benefit the following: Students of Saint Mary’s University and its students As vital information, results of the study will help make the students become aware of their involvement in computer games, and become develop their study habits and to concentrate more on their studies. Future researchers The results of this study can serve as a baseline data for developing topics as well as creating ideas about their topics. SCOPE OF DELIMITATIONS This study was conducted during the first semester of the school year 2012-2013 to identify the factors that affect the involvement to computer game addiction of the Marian Freshmen students and to determine how it would  affect their study habits. Respondents of the study are limited to the college freshmen students of the eight departments of the University namely: School of Accountancy, School Arts and sciences, School of Business, School of Education, School of Engineering and Architecture, School of Computing Science and Information Technology, School of Public Administration and Governance, and School of Health Sciences. There are ten randomly selected respondents of each of the eight departments. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms are defined to facilitate the comprehension of the study: Computers. Computer game. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms are defined to facilitate the comprehension of the study: Computers. Computer game.

Mental Health Psychology-stress

Stress has been defined as â€Å"the negative feelings that occurs when an individual feel unable to cope with the demands placed upon them by their environment† (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Stress is a thing that is experienced by everyone at some stage of their life. College students represent a group which is particularly sensitive to stress. The transition into college life from a school setting can be challenging for some people. The transition involves moving from top dog to the lowest position. (Stantrock, 2004).In addition to the common stressors experienced by the general population, college students encounter an additional range of stressors: being away from home for the first time, holding down jobs, time management, financial obligations towards fees/ boarding etc, and on a social/emotional level maintaining relationships. (Archer and Lamin, 1985). A disturbing trend in college student health is the reported increase in student stress nationwide (Sax (Simple API fo r XML) A programming interface (API) for accessing the contents of an XML document. SAX does not provide a random access lookup to the document's contents.It scans the document sequentially and presents each item to the application only one time. , 1997). This is evident in Hirsch and Keniston (1970) study, which looked at the dropout rate of students in university. They estimated that fifty percent of entering students do not finish college four years later. When stress is perceived negatively or becomes excessive, students experience physical and psychological impairment Impairment 1. A reduction in a company's stated capital. 2. The total capital that is less than the par value of the company's capital stock. Notes: 1. This is usually reduced because of poorly estimated losses or gains.2. (Murphy and Archer, 1996). Stress has a number of sources which can be classified according to the magnitude of the event: cataclysmic events include natural disasters such as floods, life event s such a death produce a change that requires adaptation and daily hassles are everyday events that create repetitive distress. (Brannon and Feist, 2007). Daily stressors are â€Å"the irritating, frustrating, distressing demands that to some degree characterize everyday transactions with the environment† (Archer and Lamin, 1985). Many studies have researched what the primary sources of stress are among college students.A study in a university in the united states found that the five highest stressors among the student population were a change in sleeping habits, a change in breaks, a change in eating habits, new responsibilities and increased work load. (Ross, Neilbling and Hecket, 1999). According to Hirsch and Ellis (1966) the pressure to earn good grades and to earn a degree is a very high source of stress among students. Taylor (2009) states that overloaded people who have more tasks in their lives report higher levels of stress than do those who have fewer tasks, which would apply to college students especially around exam time.Kohn and Frazer proposed that too much coursework and unclear assignments also contributed to stress levels. And sgan-Cohen and Lowental (1988) indicated that time pressures and interaction with faculty members were common stressors. It is clear from these studies that college students are particularly prone to stress. Although relationships have been found to influence stress by acting as a buffer against negative outcomes (Sim, 2000), they also present common sources of stress related to peer pressure, navigating romantic relationships, and navigating relationships with parents (Byrne et al., 2007).In a study of Canadian high school students, two of the three categories of stressors mentioned by students from all types of academic tracks involved stress associated with family and friends (Mates and Allison, 1992). The positive or negative effects of family roles depend on the resources people have available. Both men and woman are affected by family support, but women’s health is more strongly affected by this source of stress. (Brannon and Feist, 2007). A great deal of research to date has focused on the effect stress has on a student’s academic performance.People respond very differently to stress. The impact of any potentially stressful event is substantially influenced by how a person appraises it. (Taylor, 2009). According to Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908) when stress reaches an optimal point performance decreases. This law maintains that people under high or low stress will learn less than those under moderate stress. Although the Yerkes and Dodson law is quite old it had held up through numerous studies. Lazurus (1966) similarly stated that the extent of a students stress is a significant predictor of performance.Moore, Burrows and Danziels (1992) study traced a link between motivation and stress. These researchers believed that moderate amounts of stress motivated people and increase d performance, this was referred to as positive stress. However negative stress (distress) had a discouraging effect on people. This type of stress involved strain, tension and burnout psychically and psychologically. Stress in moderation is a good thing as too low the levels of stress lead to a low quality of functioning, similarly too high the levels of stress also lead to a low quality of functioning.  (Frankenhaeuser, 1986).This belief shows that a middle ground exists where stress reaches a level that far from being a problem; it in fact heightens concentration and allows for optimum performance on tasks. Stress can also have a negative effect physically. Difficulties can arise when there is a sustained and prolonged elevation of stress levels. The body’s energy reserves can become depleted. This places increasing demands on the body, specifically the cardiovascular system and immune system responses. Although stress can affect immune functions, the relations are far f rom simple.As shown in a meta-analysis by Suzanne Segerstrom and Gregory Miller (2004), which combined the statistical results of more than 300 studies, effects depend on the nature of the stressors and the specific immune functions of the body (Passer et el, 2008). The effects can also be influenced by personality, Type A people are characterised by high levels of competitiveness and ambition, which can foster aggressiveness and hostility when things get in their way while type B people are shown to be more serene and patient.Type A people have an increased risk of coronary heart disease compared to type B. However, the type A persons fast paced, time conscious life style and high ambition are not the culprits to vulnerability to coronary disease. Rather, the crucial component seems to be negative emotions, particularly anger. (passer et el, 2008) Acute and chronic stress has also been linked to psychological and emotional problems such as anxiety, depression, irritability, frustra tion, anger, worrying, uncertainty, and lack of confidence.Additional negative consequences of prolonged states of stress include reduced energy, increased muscle tension, and emotional distress (Almeida, 2005; Brown & Harris, 1989). Previous research has found that college may be the most stressful time in an individual's life and are susceptible to these negative consequences (Lumley and Provenzano, 2003). Several studies have reported that depressive symptoms also are frequent among university students worldwide and their prevalence appears to be increasing dramatically. According to Dianne tice and her colleagues distressed people tend to behave more impulsively.They demonstrated that when stressed, people do things oriented toward making them feel better, and some of those things are health threatening such as unhealthy diet, smoking, drinking and drug use. These indulges may make people feel better temporarily, but are poor choices. (Brannon and Feist, 2007) Coping consists of a person's conscious attempt at managing the demands and intensity of events perceived as stressful or improving one's personal resources (e. g. , positive affect, confidence, self-controlself-control n.Control of one's emotions, desires, or actions by one's own will. †¦.. Click the link for more information. ) in attempting to reduce or manage one's perceived stress intensity (Lazarus Lazarus (laz`?r?s) [Gr. ,=Heb. , Eleazar], in the New Testament. 1 Brother of Mary and Martha of Bethany who, after four days in the tomb, was brought back to life by Jesus. , 1999). Students can use a variety of coping strategies in response to daily stressors. Some strategies are directed at changing stressors, while others are directed at managing the emotions triggered by stressors.Specific examples include thinking about something else, participating in religious activities, expressing emotions, being physically active, and behaving aggressively (Atkins, 1991). Several coping techniques hav e been identified in the professional literature and include both healthy and unhealthy strategies such as self-distraction, active coping, denial, substance use, use of emotional support, use of instrumental support, disengagement, venting, positive reframing, planning, humor, acceptance, religion, and self-blame (Kim and Seidlitz, 2002).Two fundamental coping strategies to deal with stress are problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping (Brannon and Feist, 2007). Regarding problem-focused coping, the goal of coping is to remove or reduce stressors through information seeking, planning, direct action, and seeking instrumental help (Kim and Seidlitz, 2002). Regarding emotion-focused coping, the goal of coping involves dealing with emotional responses to stressors such as self-blame, blaming others, focusing on emotions, controlling emotions, venting emotions, fantasy or wishful thinking, seeking emotional support, and avoidance (Felsten, 1998).Avoidance strategies are a type o f emotional-focused coping which includes methods such as distraction, denial, social diversion, behavioral disengagement, and alcohol or drug use (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Research has also identified several effective acute stress management techniques used to alleviate stress (Smith, 2007). These relaxation techniques are described as being most effective when stress is most acute or severe.Some of the documented techniques for relieving stress in an acute setting include stretching exercises (Michalsen et al., 2005) and progressive muscle relaxation (Smith, 2007). Often when stressed, individuals take a defensive posture via standing, crouching, or bending over a desk for an extended period of time. To help relieve physical tension, stretching exercises target stressed posture and positioning (Smith, 2007). Progressive muscle relaxation has been found to be an excellent technique to relax skeletal muscles, internal organs, and the mind.Similarly, the procedure for progressive muscle relaxation involves asking patients to tense and relax groups of muscles and to recognize the contrast between those states of the muscle while the â€Å"therapist often speaks in a slower, softer, deeper voice when telling participants to relax† (Scheufele, 2000). To reduce stress, thereby decreasing the likelihood of burnout and attrition, graduate students need help in developing effective strategies to cope with stress especially by enhancing social support networks.Methods to reduce stress by students often include effective time management, social support, positive reappraisal, and engagement in leisure pursuits (Blake and Vandiver, 1988; Mattlin et el, 1990). The concept of time management is generally defined in terms of clusters of behavior that are deemed to facilitate productivity and alleviate Alleviate To make something easier to be endured. Mentioned in: Kinesiology, Applied stress (Lay and Schouwenburg, 1993).Effective time management strategies increas e academic performance (Campbell and Svenson, 1992) and are frequently suggested by academic assistance personnel as aids to enhance achievement for college students. Although programs emphasize starting large tasks well before due dates, breaking down large tasks into small ones, and doing small tasks on a regular schedule, students regularly ignore these techniques and find themselves in great distress before exams (Brown, 1991).An online study by Woodberry (2010) showed by use of a self-administered online survey in 3rd level student that 61% of respondents replied that â€Å"sport helped relieve stress†. A study using an Irish sample was carried out in Galway in 2003 under the commission of the western health board. Shaughnessy (2003) found using a sample size of 10 schools that participation in extracurricular activities can â€Å"reduce anxiety and stress†. Another study that looked at stress in relation to students was the Wilson & Pritchard study from 2005.This research was conducted on students to discover the sources of stress in everyday life for them. The recommendations of this study showed that sport could act as a â€Å"buffer to stress†. However this study of Wilson and Pritchard’s also conceded that sport â€Å"may be an added stressor† in certain settings, as did a study by Johnson (2009) which also pointed out sport can â€Å"actually become sources of stress†. People feel better when they eat a healthy diet, engage in physical exercise, have positive interactions with friends and get enough sleep. (Brannon and Feist, 2007).A well planned canteen menu that provides and encourages healthy eating can help get students on board with eating better, this along with information on sleeping habits and importance of physical activity can ensure students have the knowledge necessary to develop a healthy lifestyle which in turn may prevent stress. A program called Combat Stress Now is a stress management progr am that reaches troubled students before stresses of academic life lead them to fail or drop out. Participants in the program learn what stress is and its effects. They also learn how to monitor stress and recognise to do thingsin moderation. They also learn new skills, how to set goals, how to complete out of hours assignments, time management and planning. Loneliness can also cause some students distress which can be helped by learning to recognise the importance that social support can serve in helping them combat stress in a world with many sources of stress. (Taylor, 2009). Learning to cope effectively with stress may help prevent illness and changing unsuccessful coping strategies appears to be a practical intervention that can be facilitated by various people.Students are most likely to be more successful using techniques they are comfortable with and have had prior experience using, it is important to encourage students to identify effective strategies that they already use, rather than teach them new ones. (Brannon and Feist, 2007) Surviving college involves knowing what the stresses are, understanding that it is normal to feel them and wise to get help immediately for anything that is causing distress. Research is clear that college survival is about knowing when, how and where to get help. All these interventions together can help our students through their journey with this university.

Helping the Less Fortunate Essay

If I were a president of an organization, that made millions of dollars each year; I would create an organization within my organization that caters to the less fortunate. My organization would help to remove people off of the streets and give them a place to live, feeding the homeless in soup kitchens while passing out clothing, and also funding the education of those who cannot afford it. I believe that taking random people off of the streets and giving them a place to live is very important. As president of a million dollar a year business, I would definitely give the homeless a place to live. For example, I would send people out into the streets to search for random homeless people. I would pay for motels for a single person for a month and two for families because there are much more people to provide for. I will not just give people a place to stay; I would also find jobs for them. The jobs may be low paying, but it will help the homeless to get off of the streets. This may not help everyone, but it will take many off of the streets. Opening a soup kitchen will definitely increase my interaction with the â€Å"little people†. I think that having actual former poor people serve the poor is what will set my organization apart from others. I would do this because I know that the servers will connect with the poor on a personal and emotional level. This will ensure that the servers are very passionate about what they are doing. As president of the organization, I would also personally serve the homeless food while interacting with them to make them feel comfortable. I would ensure that they have faith that one day things will get better. Also, I would collect clothing and give to the homeless while feeding them. This will give them food on their stomach and clothes on their back. The clothes may not be in the best condition, but something is always better than nothing. My organization would also stress the importance of education. I believe that education is everything. I would ensure that everyone that enters my program have a very fortunate future. I would go into high schools and find that are below the poverty line. I will not stress the GPA of an individual. The person may have had to leave school for a period of time to help provide for his or her family. Although finding these individuals may be difficult, I am sure the process will run smoothly with the help of the school staff. I would focus on students that have the drive to want to go to college. I may be funding the education, but I will need the student’s full cooperation. The individual’s will have to provide documents proving that he or she is has little income, or receiving no income at all. My organ will provide funding for everything that an individual needs to attend college. This will include tuition, books, meal plans, housing and anything else the child needs for school. These procedures will be taken to ensure that the students have no worries while pursuing an education. It is very important to give back to the â€Å"little people†. Providing, shelter, jobs, food, clothes and education; will decrease poverty. This may not benefit the majority, but it will at least help some people out. Every homeless person that receives help counts. A million dollar a year organization would definitely remove many people at least a step away from the poverty line.

Short Essay (What is Affluenza) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short (What is Affluenza) - Essay Example In the book, the authors suggest that affluenza is overemphasis to economic growth based on feelings of unfulfilled lives and characterized by overwork, indebtedness and waste in a bid to fulfill the Australian dream (Hamilton & Denniss, 2005). In explaining what they meant by ‘affluenza’, Professor Clive Hamilton and Richard Denniss begin by citing figures in the Australian economy. According to them, the country’s economy grew by $25 billion. In spite of this growth, there exists gross under-funding of education, health and transport. The two authors point out that Australians are so occupied with posh life that they forget their core role in providing essential services. Actually, they write that ‘Australians today have real incomes three times higher than 1950’ (Hamilton & Denniss, 2005; p. 4). However, although Australians are some of the richest people on earth, they are not willing to pay taxes so that social or public amenities such as education and health could be improved. According to Hamilton and Denniss (2005), ‘Australia does not have a public health funding crisis: it has a flat-screen TV crisis (p. 5). This seems to be the perfect description for affluenza: being occup ied with unnecessary overconsumption at the expense of most important things. There is no doubt that the book expressly challenges capitalism. According to Cowie (2008), capitalism promotes classism. This is well evident in the Australian consumption spirit. The quest for more wealth leads to competition and creation of structures that benefit a few and disadvantage the majority. The rich become richer and the poor become poorer. No one is concerned with the welfare of the other. Instead of co-operating, people compete. This has led to propagation of classism and creation of vicious cycles of poverty in the society (Hart, 2010). Since the poor do not have an opportunity to better themselves, they become poorer. With regard to the rich, ‘as a

Procrastination (Time Management) Personal Analysis Essay

Procrastination (Time Management) Personal Analysis - Essay Example Personally, my forms of procrastination are leaving my studies until the last minute as well as checking my mails and not replying them straight away. Having identified my forms of procrastination, I am planning to classify my objectives into smaller divisions that will be easier to do to stop procrastinating (Perry 2012, p.45). For instance, instead of waiting for the weekend to do a three hours studying, I am planning to take twenty minutes each day to go through my studies. This will ensure that I develop a culture of studying by doing so more regularly. Additionally, I am planning to get into the mindset that every task I do has a value (Arenson 2009, p.342) and this will help me not to feel that I am wasting my time when I reply to a single mail. I also plan to define my boundaries and allocate time to work, play and rest while ensuring that none of the three consumes time meant for the other (Andreou & White 2010,

Online courses and traditional courses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online courses and traditional courses - Essay Example Ideally, there are various online educational methods, which are relevantly effective to well-organized, mature, motivated, and self-disciplined students with perfect time management skills. This is an argumentative essay on online courses and traditional courses. Body Merits and Demerits of Traditional Courses The traditional courses have various merits that include the presence of networking opportunities. Indeed, as students meet face-to-face, they develop contacts that will lead to more networking opportunities. Moreover, students in traditional universities have the opportunity of using the campus facilities that may include libraries, stadiums, gyms, student’s unions that work to the benefit of the student. In addition, this form of education creates a discovery experience where international students mature, embrace diversity, and grow socially. Most, assuredly, the direct interaction with lecturers and fellow students ensures that the student gets quality education thr ough discussions and availability of instructions (Sorrentino, 2011). Furthermore, traditional education compels students to abide with the set rules and regulations as well as following timetables. This has long-term benefits where such students become organized, law-abiding citizens, and creates a rational society. However, there are many demerits attached to traditional a course that makes one to reconsider the idea of enrolling in traditional university. For instance, traditional courses are very expensive as compared to online courses. Indeed, traditional course will require a student to pay tuition fees and other additional fees that may include transport fees, accommodation fees, costs for food, and recreational fees. As such, for poor families, affording quality traditional education becomes a huge challenge especially where there are no government subsidies or social welfare assistance. Indeed, there is a high likelihood of schooling abandonment due to lack of fees to tradi tional courses. At the same time, traditional courses are so stationary and immobile since students follow a set program, assessment measures, set timetables, and set rules and regulations that are not flexible (Sorrentino, 2011). This inflexibility sometimes annoys and stresses students leading to poor performance and school abandonment. As such, this may lead to serious scheduling challenges where students must travel and attend classes despite transport problems or commitments to other activities. Indeed, for students pursuing higher education and working at the same time, traditional courses may limit their success. Additionally, the immobility requires all resources and activities to congest in one room. At the same time, traditional courses may bear aspects of limited personal attention especially where colleges and universities admit so many students in one program. This leads to poor quality of education as the lecturer-student interaction becomes ineffective. With this, we can argue that traditional courses are not entirely effective. Indeed, if we consider the merits of online courses, we would seemingly prefer the latter. Effectiveness of Online courses Actually, there is rampant growth of online enrollment in the modern education system. This resulted from the global recession that led to poor economic status leading to inability to further education in traditional courses. In addition, the growth in technology and flexibility of

Entrepreneurship Business Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurship Business Plan - Assignment Example ...............................................................................................3 Company description...................................................................................................3 Opportunity Analysis..................................................................................................4 1. Business Model...............................................................................................4 2. Competitors.....................................................................................................4 3. Business Selection ........................................................................................4 Marketing Strategy and Plan .....................................................................................5 Funding Request and Exit Strategies .........................................................................5 I. Revenue Stream .......................................................................... ...................5 II. Revenue sources..............................................................................................5 SWOT Analysis .........................................................................................................6 i. Strength ..........................................................................................................6 ii. ... ..........................................................................................8 i. Politics ....................................................................................................8 ii. Economical..............................................................................................8 iii. Social.......................................................................................................8 iv. Technological .........................................................................................8 v. Environment ...........................................................................................8 vi. Legal........................................................................................................8 Porter’s Five Forces ...................................................................................................9 i. Supply Power.......................................................................................... ..9 ii. Buyer power .............................................................................................9 iii. Competitive Rivalry..................................................................................9 iv. Threat of Substation..................................................................................10 v. Threat of New Entry.................................................................................11 Financial Analysis and Projections ............................................................................12 3-Year Strategic Plan ...............................................................................12 Income Statement ........................................................................12 Summary of Income Statement

A banana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A banana - Essay Example Bananas come from the â€Å"genus Musa of the family Musaceae† (â€Å"banana†), and the seedless, edible ones come from the â€Å"species M. acuminata Colla or the hybrid M. X paradisiaca L.† (Morton 30). The different species of banana provide a clue to the fruit’s geographical origins, which is usually found in countries with tropical climates like Brazil, India, and Indonesia. Having various hybrids, meanwhile, further expands the fruit’s varieties and ensures continuous cultivation and propagation. Bananas are classified into major groups, such as Sucrier and Gros Michel, the Cavendish subgroup, and other cultivars (Morton 35). Mostly found in Colombia, the Philippines, and Burma, bananas from the Sucrier group are small in size, mostly sweet, and covered in thin skin (Morton 35). Due to their size and taste, bananas from this group are readily consumable and incorporated in dessert recipes. The Gros Michel group produces bananas that are larger from the ones in Sucrier group, yellow in color, and usually found in South America, Central Africa, and the Caribbean (Morton 36). The Cavendish subgroup, meanwhile, includes the Giant Cavendish, Dwarf Cavendish, and Bungulan (Morton 37). Medium-sized, thin-skinned, and delicate, the Dwarf Cavendish is usually found in China, East Africa, and South Africa. The Giant Cavendish is larger than Dwarf Cavendish, and closely resembles the Gros Michel (Morton 37). Riping unevenly during winter and prone to storage spoilage, Bungulan is mostl y used for cooking in Jamaica (Morton 38). Banana uses for food are as diverse as its varieties and hybrids. Eaten raw, a banana is peeled, sliced, or mixed with other fruits. Bursts of sweetness and undertones of tanginess are released from biting the soft, starchy flesh of a banana. Broiled or baked ripe bananas can be served with peanuts and brown sugar (Morton 41). When added in dessert recipes, a banana’s flavor and mushy

Dietary Intake, Gender and Activity Factors Influenced on BMI Essay

Dietary Intake, Gender and Activity Factors Influenced on BMI - Essay Example Nevertheless, overweight is most importantly attributable to excess intake of energy, which lead to not only a positive energy balance but also an accumulation of body fats (Moore, 2000). Also, a sedentary lifestyle is the other factors that can contribute to a gain in weight. BMI is a reliable and easily obtainable indicator of relative body size. At most times, BMI is directly associated with LDL and total cholesterol plasma concentrations. However, an inverse relationship has been reported between BMI and HDL-cholesterol (McNamara et al. 1992). On the other hand, the effect of gender on the association between blood lipid constraint and BMI has not been evidently recognized because most of the studies that have been conducted in this area are hardly consistent. Participating in physical activities is commonly used as a valuable way of preventing a number of health risks that are especially caused by heavyweight across all genders (Eaton and Eaton, 2003). There are a number of reports that have indicated that youth and children spend most of their leisure time in sedentary engagements such as playing video games or watching television (Moore, 2000). Mounting evidence reveals that sedentary behaviors, which are characterized by lack of physical activities, are attributed to increased risk of physical problems Sedentary behaviors have been proved to, be associated with physical activities, eating habits, and obesity when correlation designs are used (Gortmaker et al., 1996). Although these designs are valuable in determining associations between variables, experimental designs that entail the manipulation of sedentary behaviors are important in determining the causal impact of sedentary habits on energy consumption (Robinson, 1999).  

Qualitative Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Qualitative Report - Essay Example amatic in content that extremely fascinated media so much so that role of media in celebrities’ lives became a highly contentious issue with the privacy of the individuals as well as with the ethical proprieties of media. The recent legal separation of the royal couple had given a whole new twist to the hitherto fairy tale romance of the world’s most renowned couples. The interview thus, was an important event that had provoked a mixed response for different people and had held a especial significance for the Princess and British Monarchy at large. Therefore, analysis of the interview is a way to understand the complexities of the lives of the celebrities and try to interpret their actions in the wider ramifications of the public-private interests. The interview is given at a time when the Princess was undergoing turbulent period in her private life and she needed to clarify her stand on a number of issues so that she could get some space to sort out her public-private life. The report would facilitate the general public and media to understand the Princess Diana as another human being, possessing feelings and sensitivities as the next person. The report would also help to analyse the compulsions of the public duties and image of the celebrities and the burden that puts on their private lives. Interview of Princess Diana by Martin Bashir on BBC1 Panorama on 20 November, 1995, has huge relevance for gathering useful data regarding the life and style of the celebrities who have significant impact on the public opinion. The interview is also an important way to gauge the extent of involvement of the individual and the impact of the circumstantial events on the person. Princess Diana had been one of the most prolific personalities of the world whose personal charisma had gone beyond the precinct of social constraints of her royal status and created an unprecedented niche amongst the masses. The analysis of the interview is primarily focused on the public private

United Farm Workers and Mexican Americans Essay Example for Free

United Farm Workers and Mexican Americans Essay The 1960s was a turbulent decade in the American history, filled with conflict over issues brought up by many different minority groups to form the various Civil Rights Movements. In this decade, the Chicano Movement started to gain a mass following and became a dynamic force of social change. Similar to blacks, Mexican Americans were plagued by police brutality, poverty, and inequality. In the pursuit of tackling these problems, the history of Chicanos in California consisted of the convergence of multiple movements: A youth movement represented in the struggle against discrimination in schools; the farm workers movement; and the movement for political empowerment, most notably in the formation of La Raza Unida Party1. The organizing efforts and achievements in California had major impact on the fate of Mexican Americans. Improvements in barrios, farm-labor camps, school districts and politic representation, led other states to sought reform. Education has long been a primary target of Mexican American activists and reformers. The Mexican American community had the highest high school dropout rate and lowest college attendance amongst all ethnic groups. As a result of the constant underestimation of students as well as the failure to upkeep facilities, a hostile learning environment was manifested. Their goals included bilingual, bicultural education, Latino teachers and administrators, smaller class sizes, better facilities and the revision of the text books to incorporate Mexican American history. In turn, Chicano students and activists decided to make their struggle public in order to pressure school boards into compliance of their demands for education reforms. In March of 1968, thousands of students walked out of their high school in L. A. protesting racial inequality among their school district. Their effects were not wasted, as the school board recognized their efforts by recruiting and hiring more Chicano teachers and administrators2. Ultimately, this inspired high school protest across the nation. College campuses also formed groups, like the United Mexican American Students, with the purposes to enforce for more Chicano study programs, financial aid, and Mexican faculty. Activists fought for bilingual educational programs and in schools and won in 1976, their hard work created more than 50 Chicano studies program in colleges. 3 Changes were not immediately apparent in high schools; however a significant change occurred in the college recruitment of Latinos and educational programs. Though most of the demands were not met, the walkouts unified and empowered the Chicano community, which in the process became a political force. Another focus of the Chicanos had been politics. Their goals encompassed the increase of Chicano candidates in the political arena, convincing non-Chicano candidates to commit themselves to the need of Mexican American community, conducting broad-scale voter registration and community organization drives, and for more Chicanos in government offices. 4 Rather than representation within the two major political parties—democrat and republic—activists established an organization dedicated to their empowerment, the El Partido de la Raza Unida. Found in 1970 by Jose Angel Gutierrez and Mario Compean, the party became active in community organizing and electoral politics statewide, campaigned for better housing, work, and educational opportunities5. The changes they fought for was made possible by combining mass action: firing of racist teachers, protecting high school student rights, and taking advantage of federal government monies they were entitled to, but was not utilized by the previous city government. Police polices were modified as well to benefit Chicano communities. The La Raza Unida Party leaders also worked to raise the wages of school and city workers to encourage unionization6. Though La Raza Unida is no longer a registered political party in the United States, its legacy is still very much alive, affecting the lives of Mexican Americans today. One aspect of the Chicano movement highlighted the rights of the workers in the fields of California. In order to fight against harsh working conditions, low wages and discrimination of Mexican farm workers, the United Farmworkers Union Organizing Committee was established. Led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, the UFWOC accomplished its greatest victory when their strikes, boycotts, convinced the largest table grape grower, John Guimara Sr. , to only hire workers represented by the union. Despite their victory, union leaders struggled to create a union to represent all agricultural workers; As a result a three-month strike by grape workers in California began. Due to the efforts of Chavez and his union in 1975, California passed the Agricultural Labor Relations Act; which guaranteed farm workers’ rights to organize. 71 Although seen as an accomplishment, more restrictions were placed on the actions of unions. Today, agricultural workers in California are still being exploited, working in poor conditions with little pay and limited representation. Chicanos in California have played no small role in the social, economic, and political development of California. Not only is California home to majority of the Mexican Americans population in the United States, but also it is the scene of Chicano cultural Renaissance and has contributed to Hispanic cultural renaissance in the United States. California has also been the home of Chicano publication—including magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals. 7 Although much of the problems faced by Chicanos in the 20th century had been resolved through reforms during the Civil Rights Era, many Mexican Americans are still being marked by oppression and exploitation. Not only in the field, but industries as well. They are often found working at wage jobs and poor conditions. Over the next few decades, other social reforms for Mexican Americans can be expected. Almost six decades after it began, the Chicano Movement still holds a visible impact on California. As a result of activism in politics, education, and farm work, much of the hardship faced by Chicanos in the early history of California have been resolved. The most prominent outcome of the Chicano Movement are still within academia, with the formation of numerous student centers at college campuses across the nation that aims to students of color as well as the establishment of Chicano Studies Departments and so on. The Literary and art movements of the 1970s also left an enduring mark on the Chicano community. The impact of Chicanos in California gave rise to countless Chicano communities where none existed before. Although activists today are still working on the struggles faced by Chicanos today in various fields, such as farm work, their movement in the 1960s has surely impacted California social, economic and political standing.

How to Set Goals and Motivate Yourself to Actually Achieve Them Essay Example for Free

How to Set Goals and Motivate Yourself to Actually Achieve Them Essay While spending time thinking about the goal in my life, the only one answer coming up in my mind is to achieve success. But what exactly the word ‘success’ should be defined? Thinking considerably, there are at least two fundamental achievements in life that inspire people. One is to be rich, while another one is to be famous. Though these two words are somehow closely related if you think about the celebrities who are famous and rich at the same time, there are some others who only have high recognition but not rich, such as Mother Teresa who devoted her whole life doing charity for the poor. Therefore, the topic that I am really interested in is about whether to be rich or to be famous is the key word for success. However, I will approach the topic by saying that to be famous is the first priority in order to gain success. Because being famous and being rich are both signs leading to success, comparing its similarities is not that useful. Therefore, the style of this essay will be a contrast instead. What I expect from contrasting their difference is that the readers will realize being famous is the sustainable way to achieve success rather than being rich. In other words, money cannot be used to buy the fame. Though being rich is another sign of success, without being famous, one can be forgotten easily. On the other hand, being famous is eternally recognized by people. Even if they died, the world still praise and remind of their accomplishments. By standing on this opinion, people will not just look forward to making money, but will try themselves on inventing new things, creating beautiful arts, and doing whatever they are interested to become well-known by others and then succeed in their lives. The essay will convince the readers to believe that the key word to success should start from being famous and will prove that it is true by giving examples about people who were quite poor but famous and successful in their lives. The contrast topic will be controlled differently in each paragraph depending on famous area of those people. I plan to include three content paragraphs with three following people: Ghandi (Politics), Van Goh(Arts), and Mother Teresa(Religion). As a result, this essay is worthy to compose because it will be such a good lesson to teach children or even adults to understand the regular basis of being successful in life. Trying to be famous is the first step to achieve sustainable success.

Observing Mitosis In The Cells Of Garlic Biology Essay

Observing Mitosis In The Cells Of Garlic Biology Essay Aim: To observe the stages of the cell cycle in living tissue, generally and specifically in the meristematic cells of the root of garlic and hence consider the duration of the stages of mitosis in relation to the whole cell cycle. Introduction: The  cell cycle, or  cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a  cell  leading to its division and duplication (replication). In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotes), the cell cycle occurs via a process termed  binary fission. In cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes), the cell cycle can be divided in two brief periods:  interphase-during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis andduplicating its DNA-and the  mitosis  (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called daughter cells. The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled  fertilized egg  develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which  hair,  skin,  blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. [1] Figure 1: The cell cycle http://adasilva.glogster.com/chapter-10-bio/ Mitosis is the process that facilitates the equal partitioning of replicated chromosomes into two identical groups. Before partitioning can occur, the chromosomes must become aligned so that the separation process can occur in an orderly fashion. The alignment of replicated chromosomes and their separation into two groups is a process that can be observed in virtually all eukaryotic cells. [2] Both the alignment and separation processes are the consequence of the chromosomes interacting with filamentous proteinaceous structures, known as microtubules. The microtubules become organized into a biconical array known as a spindle, which forms early in mitosis, and then disassembles as mitosis nears completion. Mitotic spindles are visible in living cells with the polarizing light microscope. Some of the spindle microtubules become attached to the chromosomes at sites known as kinetochores. The kinetochores cannot be seen with the light microscope, but they reside near the place on the chromosome known as its centromere, which can be observed with the light microscope. There are two kinetochores on each replicated chromosome (one on each chromatid), and when the replicated chromosome splits apart at its centromere at the onset of anaphase, each daughter chromosome possesses one centromere and one kinetochore. The linkages between kinetochores and microtubules are thought to be central in controlling both the positioning of the replicated chromosome at the central portion of the spindle during the alignment phase, and in moving the daughter chromosomes apart after they split at their centromeres. The separation of daughter cells from each other is a process known as cytokinesis, and is separate from mitosis. In cytokinesis, animal and plant cells differ considerably from each other. These differences are the consequence of having or not having a cell wall. Cytokinesis in fungi reveals some similarities with plant cells, and exhibits other features unique to the group.[2] Figure 1: Illustration of the process by which somatic cells multiply and divide. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/mitosis.php The specimen used in this experiment is the root of garlic where the meristematic cells are actively dividing. Cell division in flowering plants takes place in particular regions of the plant called  meristems. Cells in meristems are not specialized for any particular function and divide repeatedly by mitosis. Some of the daughter cells remain meristematic; others cease dividing and become differentiated into appropriate cell types depending on their position. The root tip meristem is usually a denser white and more rounded than the cut end. Chromosomes in root tip tissue are made visible with the stain. Dividing cells (if present) will show up clearly with chromosomes in different forms according to the stage of mitosis. Individual chromosomes (as tightly-coiled threads) are visible during anaphase. The links between the cellulose walls of plant cells are broken down by the treatment with hydrochloric acid. This ensures that the stain can penetrate the cells and allows the tissue to be squashed out one cell thick. [3] References: [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle [2] http://www.life.umd.edu/CBMG/faculty/wolniak/wolniakmitosis.html [3] http://www.practicalbiology.org/areas/advanced/cells-to-systems/cell-division/investigating-mitosis-in-allium-root-tip-squash,121,EXP.html Objective: Mitosis occurs in four phases as a continuous process without break in between the phases. Before mitosis, the cells are in rest during interphase stage. The activity of chromosomes is significant in determining the stages of cell division. Therefore, to observe the chromosomes, the root cells are stained. There are two types of stains used; the toluidine blue stain. The toluidine blue stain causes the cytoplasm to appear light blue in colour while the chromosomes appear dark blue. In this experiment, the cells in the root tip of garlic is squashed, stained and observed under compound microscope to observe the stages mitosis. Apparatus: Compound microscope, 2 Watch glasses, dropper, tissue paper, microscope slide, cover slip, forceps, mounted needles, stopwatch, scalpel or sharp knife, eye protection, small sample tube, filter paper, eye goggles. Materials: Toluidine blue stain, 1M hydrochloric acid, 1 clove of garlic with roots, cold distilled water Procedure: 1-2 cm of root tips of growing garlic roots are cut off. The root tips are ensured to be chosen from those which are white and have a firm rounded end. The root tips are put into watch glass containing 2 cm3 of 1 M hydrochloric acid for exactly 5 minutes. The root tips are then transferred into watch glass containing approximately 5 cm3 cold water, and left for 4-5 minutes. The root tips are then dried on filter papers. Figure 3 : The root tips are transferred into glass with cold water The root tips are then transferred onto a clean microscope slide. 4-5 mm of the root tips are cut and kept, while the rest are discarded. The root tips are gently broken up with a mounted needle by a process called maceration. Figure 4 : The root tips are break up A small drop of toluidine blue stain is added to the root tips and left for 2 minutes. The tips are covered with a coverslip, and blotted firmly with several layers of tissue. The coverslip is pressed gently to spread the root tip. The samples are then viewed under the microscope (x40 magnifications) and the nuclei of the cells are located. The microscope lens is switched to higher power (x100, x400 and x1000 magnifications and look for cells with chromosomes. Figure 5 : The cells are observed under light microscope The regularly shaped, actively dividing cells are focused and counted for every phases of mitosis. The data obtained are recorded and tabulated. Results: Stages Of Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Total Cell counted 22 15 3 3 2 35 Percentage 62.9 14.3 8.6 8.6 5.7 100 Table 1 : The stages of mitosis and the respective cell count and percentage Calculation of the mitotic index : Mitotic index = number of cell containing visible chromosome total number of cells in the field of view Mitotic index = Interphase Interphase is the period where the cell prepares itself before cell division. It is a phase before the mitosis. The chromosomes are uncoiled and it fills the nucleus. DNA replication occurs during this stage. The nuclear envelope is visible the centrioles appear and so do the nucleolus. Prophase During prophase, the replicated chromosomes undergo extensive condensation or coiling. The chromosomes are greatly thickened and shortened but are still contained within the nuclear envelope. Prophase ends with the sudden dispersion of the nuclear envelope. The chromosomes start to coil, shorten, and become distinct. The mitotic spindle or polar fibers begin to form from the poles of the cell towards the equator. Metaphase Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell or what is called the metaphase plate. Polar fibers have reached the centromeres of the chromosomes and have begun interacting with them. Each kinetochore, plate like structure of the replicated chromosome is pointed toward one side of the spindle. The replicated chromosomes converge toward the center of the spindle, and once they get there, significant movements cease. On either sides of each centromere are sites for kinetochore microtubule. Anaphase Anaphase commences with the initial splitting of sister chromatids at their centromeres. These daughter chromosomes then begin to separate from each other, each moving away from the metaphase plate and toward one of the two spindle pole regions. Anaphase ends when the daughter chromosomes reach the end of the cell. Since the sister chromatids are identical copies of the original chromosomes, each pole of the cell will have a set of complete and identical chromosomes as in the parent cell. Telophase In telophase, the daughter chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and are eventually redistributed into chromatin. After complete separation of the chromosomes and their extrusion to the spindle poles, the nuclear membrane begins to reform around each group of chromosomes at the opposite ends of the cell. The nucleoli also reappear in what will eventually become the two new cell nuclei. A new nuclear membrane forms. The new cell walls grow to form the two new, identical daughter cells. The cytokinesis process starts to happen in order to complete the division of the two new cells. Discussion: After observing the mitosis process, we knew that percentages of the cells in each stage are different. In the experiment using toluidine blue stain, we observed that 22 cells out of 35 cells undergone interphase which covered 62.9% of the cells. There are 15 cells undergone prophase covering 14.3% of the cells. Metaphase and anaphase have the same percentage which is 8.6%. While 2 cells undergone telophase which covered 5.7%. The mitotic index using toluldine blue stain is which suggest that only 37.14% of the cells in our view were undergoing mitosis and the rest are still in interphase. The percentage of cells in each stage is related to the length of time a cell spends in each stage of mitosis. The greater the percentage of cells in a stage, the longer the time spent by each cell in that stage. Based on the table 1, it is clearly shown that the largest percentage of cells is found to be at interphase. Interphase is often referred as the resting phase. Interphase is the stage in which the cells prepare themselves to undergo mitosis. Since interphase has the largest percentage of cells, therefore each cell spends the longest time being at interphase stage. Metaphase and anaphase occupies the same length of time and same percentage of cells. This means cells spend almost equal length of time being at both phases. Telophase on the other hand, has the lowest percentage which means the shortest period of time a cell spends is during telophase. Prophase, being the first stage of mitosis has the second highest percentage of cells. It means compared to metaphase, anaphase and telophase, prophase is the stage of mitosis in which each cell spends the most time. From the results, we knew that most of the cells spent longer time in interphase because cell growth, replication of the chro mosomes, and many other activities are taking place during this time. The cells need to prepare first for the mitotic division to occur. On the other hand, based on results on table 2, is it clearly shown that, the size of cell during interphase is the smallest among all followed by the size of cell during prophase, metaphase, anaphase and finally the size of cell is the biggest during telophase. This is because, during interphase the cell will never grow in size exactly as the cell prepares itself for cell division. Meanwhile, during telophase the cell actually splitting into two daughter cells and it is obvious that the cell would have grown in size. This experiment use the garlic root tips tissue for observing the mitosis process because the stages of development in plant growth can be distinctly observed at this part which is known as meristem. This meristem is actively divided by mitosis. So, every stage of mitosis can be observed clearly. We ensure that our results are reliable because we use 3 samples of root tip. This could minimize the error during this experiment and we can compare the results for each sample. Besides that, we stained the samples using toluidine blue first so that we can observe the chromosomes clearly. We believed that our results are valid because the outcomes from the experiment are the same with what we expect based on the theory and our results are quite similar with the other groups results. Not only that, the usage of toluidine blue is reliable, cheaper and easy to handle with. In a way, it is simple and it helps produce results quicker compared to the usage of other staining. Conclusion: Mitosis can be divided into four different stages; prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In conclusion, the mitosis process is a random process. So, different types of sample will have different length of time for mitosis to complete. Other than that, the longest stage of cell cycle is interphase with the highest percentage followed by metaphase and anaphase while the shortest stage is telophase with the lowest percentage. The greater the percentage of cells in a stage, the longer the time spent by each cell in that stage. Hypothesis is accepted.

An Analysis of Grand Strategy :: essays research papers fc

An Analysis of Grand Strategy through the Lens of Neo-Security Complex Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde attempt to structure a fundamentally new approach to the study of security issues by attempting to incorporate traditional notions of security analysis into a broader understanding of international security that incorporates non-military threats. Their neo-security complex theory does provide substantive insight into how the process of securitizing issues occurs and how one can address non-military existential threats within a security studies framework; however, there are some substantive problems that require greater theoretical precision in order to prevent making the securitizing process they describe nothing more than a residual category. Ultimately, Buzan, Waever, and de Wilde need to incorporate both temporal elements as well as and probability into their approach in order to disaggregate existential threats. Without such modifications, the existential threat posed by an incoming nuclear or chemical warhead is equi valent to increased levels of radon in the home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to show the virtues, flaws, and possible improvements that would allow neo-security complex theory to become a more powerful analytic tool in security studies it is first necessary to briefly explicate the core elements of the approach and show how it diverges from the traditional understanding of security studies. Then one must show how its application would provide substantive insight into particular security practices found in the literature, such as grand strategy. After doing so, we must address substantive problems generated from the application of the theory and then show how various improvements would strengthen the neo-security project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The neo-security complex theory revolves around an attempt to expand the possibilities of what constitutes a security threat by conceptualizing it as meaning solely a threat to one’s physical existence. While recognizing that there are many threats and vulnerabilities that arise both within and outside military issues, Buzan, Waever, and de Wilde argue that including all such events would ultimately prove the traditionalists’ critique that expanding security beyond military issues inevitably leads to a lack of coherence. The way out of this conceptual morass is to distinguish between political issues and construct security as pertaining to â€Å"existential threats to a referent object by a securitizing actor who thereby generates endorsement of emergency measures beyond rules that would otherwise bind.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like neorealism, neo-security complex theory relies upon levels of analysis as a means to situate actors, issues that pose existential threats, and the interactions between them that constitute security. An Analysis of Grand Strategy :: essays research papers fc An Analysis of Grand Strategy through the Lens of Neo-Security Complex Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde attempt to structure a fundamentally new approach to the study of security issues by attempting to incorporate traditional notions of security analysis into a broader understanding of international security that incorporates non-military threats. Their neo-security complex theory does provide substantive insight into how the process of securitizing issues occurs and how one can address non-military existential threats within a security studies framework; however, there are some substantive problems that require greater theoretical precision in order to prevent making the securitizing process they describe nothing more than a residual category. Ultimately, Buzan, Waever, and de Wilde need to incorporate both temporal elements as well as and probability into their approach in order to disaggregate existential threats. Without such modifications, the existential threat posed by an incoming nuclear or chemical warhead is equi valent to increased levels of radon in the home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to show the virtues, flaws, and possible improvements that would allow neo-security complex theory to become a more powerful analytic tool in security studies it is first necessary to briefly explicate the core elements of the approach and show how it diverges from the traditional understanding of security studies. Then one must show how its application would provide substantive insight into particular security practices found in the literature, such as grand strategy. After doing so, we must address substantive problems generated from the application of the theory and then show how various improvements would strengthen the neo-security project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The neo-security complex theory revolves around an attempt to expand the possibilities of what constitutes a security threat by conceptualizing it as meaning solely a threat to one’s physical existence. While recognizing that there are many threats and vulnerabilities that arise both within and outside military issues, Buzan, Waever, and de Wilde argue that including all such events would ultimately prove the traditionalists’ critique that expanding security beyond military issues inevitably leads to a lack of coherence. The way out of this conceptual morass is to distinguish between political issues and construct security as pertaining to â€Å"existential threats to a referent object by a securitizing actor who thereby generates endorsement of emergency measures beyond rules that would otherwise bind.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like neorealism, neo-security complex theory relies upon levels of analysis as a means to situate actors, issues that pose existential threats, and the interactions between them that constitute security.

Causes Of The Civil War Essay -- essays research papers fc

CAUSE OF THE CIVIL WAR In 1860, the world's greatest nation was locked in Civil War. The war divided the country between the North and South. There were many factors that caused this war, but the main ones were the different interpretations of the Constitution by the North and South, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the arrival of Lincoln in office. These factors were very crucial in the bringing upon of the destruction of the Union. They caused immediate war. In 1791, the tenth amendment was added to the Constitution. The tenth amendment states that â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.† (Bailey 16) This amendment was the basis in which the South kept slavery. The states believed that since nothing was written in the Constitution about who should decide about the slavery issue, that therefore the states had the power to decide. On the other hand, the North didn’t feel such a issue was part of states’ rights. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the nation; other southern states followed after, thus causing the Civil War. After South Carolina adopted an Ordinance of Secession, the South Carolina convention issued a â€Å"Declaration of Causes of Secession†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In it, it stated: â€Å"By this Constitution certain duties were imposed upon the several states, and the exercise of certain of their powers were restrained.....But an ...

Resistance, Infections, and Defenses of Streptococcus pyogenes Essay

Resistance, Infections, and Defenses of Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pyogenes was the bacteria that used to be the cause of numerous cases of human sicknesses and deaths. As our technology evolved and advanced, our perspective and understanding of this bacteria grew to a point that it is no longer a huge threat. The once blurry details became so clear that it came to the point of which we can identify, locate, and treat the bug accurately. After those many years of dedication and research, we finally saw exactly how the bacteria came about, entered our bodies, infected our cells, and tricked our immune system to attack itself. We also found out specific details on how the bacteria reproduce, survive in the wild, spread from host to host, and what drugs it was and is susceptible to. Streptococcus pyogenes (Todar, 2002) Streptococcus pyogenes is gram positive, facultative anaerobic, nonmotile coccus, typically 0.6-1.0 ÃŽ ¼m in diameter. The bacteria reproduce in chains and pairs. (Todar, 2002). It is also nonsporeforming and catalase-negative. Some older cultures may lose the gram positive identifications and occasionally there are â€Å"obligate anaerobes.† (Patterson, 2001). There are three different groups of streptococci: Beta-hemolysis which would result with clear surroundings on blood agar, Alpha-hemolysis which would result with red blood cells changing to a green appearance due to the reduction of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, and gamma-hemolytic which is not hemolytic. (Todar, 2002). To identify the bacteria, checking for hemolysis is not the best source of identification for streptococci because the age, species, and many other elements could affect the results. (Todar, 2002). Resistance, Infections, and†¦ 2 St... ...once hundred-percent fatal bacteria. There is no vaccine, but there is a cure. Sooner or later, our diagnostics and understanding of this great killer will come to the point that Streptococcus pyogenes is no longer a threat to our world. Bibliography Duckworth, D. Ph.D., Richard Crandall Ph.D. and Richard Rathe M.D. (1999, May). Streptococcal Infection*. University of Florida. July 29, 2005: http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/mmid/bms5300/bugs/strpyoge.html#AA2 Patterson, M. (2001, October). Streptococcus. The University of Texas Medical Branch. July 29, 2005: http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch013.htm Todar, K. (2002, May). Streptococcus pyogenes. University of Wisconsin. July 29, 2005: http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lecturespyo Fischetti Ph.D., V. (1995, June). The Streptococcus. The Rockfeller University. July 28, 2005: http://www.rockefeller.edu/vaf/strep.htm

5 R’s Strategy Essay

It is proven that stress has a major effect on our overall health. In order to live the healthiest possible, people must find ways to eliminate or reduce the stress in their daily lives. The PowerPoint we are to reflect on provides a great method for coping with stress. According to the PowerPoint, adopting the 5 R’s is the best way to manage daily stress. These 5 â€Å"R’s† stand for reorganize, rethink, reduce, relax, and release. These â€Å"R’s† are different strategies that can be used together or independently to cope with stress. The first â€Å"R â€Å", reorganize, focuses on reorganizing yourself into a healthy, custom lifestyle. This strategy suggests the importance of making life easier on you. For instance, if you take things one at a time, plan events ahead of time, and do your best while letting go of the outcome, your stress/anxiety level will decrease significantly. By reorganizing your priorities you’re ultimately eliminat ing long term stress. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay The next â€Å"R† strategy that can be used to cope with stress is rethink. In order to rethink, a person must start from within. The rethink strategy is all about charging the positive energy within ourselves. By using daily affirmations, visualizing your goal, talking about negative feelings, or even journal writing we can change our way of thinking to help block the stress our of our minds. The third â€Å"R† used to shrink the stress is reduce. In order to reduce stress a person must be assertive and practice time management. With this strategy you can either avoid or abolish a stressor. The next â€Å"R† mentioned is relax, and is another effective way to manage stress. This is probably the easiest strategy to implement. This strategy calls for play time and ultimately taking time out of the day to appreciate you. This strategy to me stresses to simple fact that life is short but sweet for certain, and we should stop and appreciate it. The last â€Å"R† in the 5 R’s model is release. This can be achieved by walking the dog, taking a yoga class, hitting a pillow, or even screaming. Anyway to release the tension out of your body can greatly reduce the buildup of stress in the body. In my opinions these strategies are all interrelated. I try to use all of these strategies on a daily basis; however, there are two â€Å"R’s† that I have a hard time implementing in my daily stress struggle. Reorganizing and rethinking are the two strategies that I constantly need to remind myself to use. I think they are hard for me, because they are the two hardest strategies to make use of. It’s very hard sometimes to step back, take a look at the mess you created, and reorganize it. In the face paced world that we live in taking things slow isn’t really an option sometimes. For me one of the biggest stressors in my life is taking on too much. I’ll have a big list of things to do, and they will all catch up to me at the same time. I know that I can reorganize and eliminate a lot of this stress by trying to tackle a problem one at a time and accepting the outcome as it falls. Rethink is also a difficult strategy for me. This is because I am usually very hard on myself even over the smallest things. All this inner negative dialogue eventually brings my anxiety level to a tipping point, and I freak out and have a break down. I try to counteract this process by meditating and being nicer to myself. I’m also learning that it’s ok to ask for help, and rely on others not to respond negatively to it. To conclude I think the 5 R’s model is a great bade model to cope with stress, however, I think the hard part is remembering to use it in stressful situations.

Edmonia Lewis and Henry Ossawa Tanner

When considering art there are many elements involved in a work of art. The most important elements in art are the most obvious one's to see. Mary Edmonia Lewis and Henry Ossawa Tanner are two artists who have created art that speak to people in depth of their creativity and inspiration from others. Although these two artists study two different genres of art, both of these artists have great talent that has been recognized throughout the world. Mary Edmonia Lewis who was born in 1843 and Henry Ossawa Tanner who was born in 1859 have come a very long way, and overcame countless obstacles to become successful. Edmonia Lewis was the first African American woman in the United States to gain widespread recognition as an artist, and the first African American in the United States to gain an international reputation as a sculptor† (Mary 40). Edmonia Lewis spent her early childhood with her mother's family, the Chippewa Indians. She was known as Wildfire, and her brother was known as Sunrise. Edmonia and her brother were orphaned when Edmonia was about ten years old, two aunts took them in as children. Both Edmonia and Sunrise lived in northern New York state (Buick 10).Sunrise, with wealth from the California Gold Rush, financed prep school education for Edmonia Lewis, and then an education at Oberlin College, beginning in 1859. It wasn’t until Edmonia entered Oberlin College that she started going by her birth name. Edmonia was considered a very popular student in college. On January 27, 1862 Edmonia’s college life took a turn for the worse. While at Oberlin College, Edmonia was accused of poisoning two white female students, who also boarded at John Keep's home, a well- known Oberlin trustee. While awaiting trial, she was nearly beaten to death.Edmonia was defended in court by John Mercer Langston, an Oberlin graduate. She was acquitted and carried from the courtroom on the shoulders of supportive friends, and continued her studies at Oberlin fo r a while. After a couple months went by Edmonia considered moving back with her mother but instead Edmonia decided to go to Boston and study with Edmond Brackett, a local sculptor. Edmonia had some success, especially among American tourists. Edmonia was known for her depictions of African, African American, or Native American people.Some of Edmonia’s best-known sculptures are, Forever Free created in 1867, which is a sculptor of a black woman and black man celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation. Another one of her best sculptures goes by the name of, â€Å"Hagar in the Wilderness†. Which was created a year after â€Å"Forever Free†. The Hagar in the Wilderness was a sculpture of an Egyptian handmaiden of Sarah and Abraham, mother of Ishmael. One of her most talked about works is â€Å"The Death of Cleopatra†, Created in (1875). This sculpture is known to be a representation of the Egyptian queen.Edmonia created the more realistic â€Å"The Death of Cleopatra† for the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial it was also displayed at the 1878 Chicago Exposition. Unfortunately this piece of art was lost for a century. Soon the statue was moved and then rediscovered, and it was restored in 1987. As Edmonia started to gain proceeds from her work, she opened a studio of her own. Among all the pieces that Edmonia created â€Å"there were a medallion of John Brown and a bust of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, Civil-War leader of Massachusetts Fifity-Fourth, an all-black regiment† (Mary 42).With the funds she received from those two pieces Edmonia was able to study in Europe. As Edmonia sprouted into her sculpting career, she also influenced other artists to follow in her footsteps. While Edmonia was a very talented and creative artist her length of popularity proved to be somewhat brief. Although Edmonia life ended too soon, her work still lives on to this day. Today, Edmonia’s work is represented by Henry Wadsworth a well-known po et. Two of Edmonia’s best sculptures, â€Å"A bust of Abraham Lincoln† and â€Å"Forever Free† are on display in the Municipal Library of San Jose, California.Edmonia finished â€Å"Forever Free† in 1868 and sent it to a wealthy abolitionist named, Samuel Sewall. Lydia Maria scolded Edmonia for sculpting the piece into marble without a commission, and eventually Lydia withdrew her support. Edmonia was honored the following year when the sculpture was presented to Rev. Leonard Grimes, a leading black abolitionist. Edmonia also sculpted â€Å"Hagar in the Wilderness† in 1868, a little while after becoming Catholic. Edmonia quotes â€Å"Some praise me because I am a colored girl, and I don't want that kind of praise. I had rather you would point out my defects, for that will teach me something† (Buick 4).With this quote, Edmonia Lewis is remembered forever for her creativity and talent as a highly skilled sculptor. Henry Ossawa Tanner was the s on of a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Henry was also raised in an affluent, well-educated African-American family. Although Henry’s parents were unwilling at first, they eventually responded positively to Henry’s determined desire to follow an artistic career and they began to encourage his determinations. In 1879, Henry enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he joined Thomas Eakins's coterie.Henry moved to Atlanta in 1889 in an unsuccessful attempt to support himself as an artist and instructor. A woman by the name of Mrs. Joseph C. Hartzell arranged Tanner's first solo exhibition, being that he was already a struggling artist. She also arranged for the proceeds to go to Henry, so that he could move to Paris in 1891. A disturbing Illness brought Henry back to the United States in 1893, at this time in Henry’s career he turned his attention to genre subjects of his own race. Henry was different from a lot of artists in man y ways. In 1893 most American artists painted African-American subjects either as sentimental figures of rural poverty† (Burgard 12). Henry, who wanted to represent black subjects with self-respect, wrote: â€Å"Many of the artists who have represented Negro life have seen only the comic, the ludicrous side of it, and have lacked sympathy and appreciation for the warm big heart that dwells within such a rough exterior. † (Burgard 15). This gave Henry the motivation to create the piece â€Å"The Banjo Lesson† The banjo had become a symbol of ridicule, and cartoons of bland, smiling African-Americans strumming the instrument were a cliche.In â€Å"The Banjo Lesson†, Tanner challenges the stereotype head on. â€Å"The Banjo Lesson† is a work of art, portraying a man teaching his young son to play the instrument. Tanner recreated the father in The Banjo Lesson as a mentor, and wise man. The Banjo Lesson is about sharing knowledge and passing on wisdom t o others. In the fall of 1888, Henry returned to Atlanta and taught drawing for two years at Clark College. After discussing his ambitions to travel abroad with Bishop and Mrs. Hartzell, they arranged an exhibition of Tanner's works in Cincinnati in the fall of l890.When no paintings were sold, the Hartzells bought the entire collection. This is what made Henry the talented artist that he was. Not only was Henry’s art fascinating to look at but, his art work also had sentimental meaning and value. Henry’s art had purpose and meaning to share with others. Within Henry’s work, he hoped to reach out to others by sharing his wisdom. With all Henry’s proceeds from various art works, Henry was able to return to Paris in 1895, he established a reputation as a salon artist and religious painter but he never painted genre subjects of African-Americans again.Henry was a very talented and prestigious artist, â€Å"In 1908 his first one-man exhibition of religious p aintings in the United States was held at the American Art Galleries in New York† (Richardson 15). Two years later, Tanner was elected a member of the National Academy of Design. In Henry’s later years, he was a symbol of hope and inspiration for African-American leaders and young black artists, many of those African American leaders visited him in Paris. On May 25, 1937, Henry died at his home in Paris.After Henry’s death in Paris, interest in Henry's works lessened significantly. The most renowned of all black artists was rediscovered, largely as a result of a major exhibit in New York, in 1967. Two years later the Smithsonian Institution presented a large reflective that spread far throughout the United States. Although Henry’s art â€Å"Banjo Lesson† is considered a classic work of art, Allthough Henry Ossawa Tanner passed away too soon, he lived a long life of adventure and experience, and his art work will live on forever.

Directions for “Cognitive Development” Essay

1. Access the textbook website: http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/myers7e/default.asp?uid=0&rau=0 2. Click on the PsychSim Tutorials link 3. In the left column, find Chapter 04 â€Å"Psychsim5: Cognitive Development† and click on this link. Click on â€Å"Cognitive Development† and begin the tutorial. Answer the questions and attach to the email in IT’S LEARNING. This is due no later than midnight Tuesday, September 22. Late submissions will be deducted 20 pts per school day late. PsychSim 5: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Name: Faye Simshauser This activity describes Piaget’s theory of the growth of intelligence and simulates the performance of three children of different ages on some of Piaget’s tasks. Schemas 1. What are schemas? -A schema is the way we make sense of the world by organizing what we know into a mental framework. 2. Explain the difference between assimilation and accommodation. -Assimilation means incorporating new experiences into our existing framework or understanding. When we encounter a new situation, we first try to apply your existing schemas, and then we see what happens. If it fits well into our old schemas, we are satisfied. But if the new experience  doesn’t fit, we need to modify our schemas. This process of adjusting our old frameworks is called accommodation. Sometimes we only need to make slight modifications in our schemas. In other situations we may need to make major changes, or even create new schemas. 3. Suppose that a 15-month-old toddler has learned to call the four-legged house pet a â€Å"doggie.† What do you think would happen if the child sees a horse for the first time? Is the child likely to call the horse a â€Å"horsie† or a â€Å"doggie† or a â€Å"doggie-horse† or some other term? Write your best guess in the space below, and add a sentence explaining why you think the child would use that term to refer to the horse. -The child after seeing a horse for the first time will call it a â€Å"doggie† because of its existing schema with associating four-legged animals with dogs. Stages of Development 4. What are some characteristics of a child in the sensorimotor stage of development? -In the sensorimotor stage of development, the child’s intelligence is consumed with mostly sensations and motor skills. The child’s thoughts are limited to the sensations being experience and the objects being acted upon that moment. 5. What is object permanence? -Object permanence is the awareness that things continue to exist even when out of sight. 6. What are some cognitive limitations of preschoolers? -Although able to think symbolically and gain memory and language developments, preschoolers still lack certain mental operations that form the basis of adult logic. The children make errors on problems that involve changes in the appearance of objects. 7. What is egocentrism? -Egocentrism is the inability to take another’s perspective or point of view into account. Egocentrism is the reason why children stand in front of the television sometimes when others are watching behind them; they think that  everyone can see what they see.

The Woman Behind the Mask Essay

Social media has distorted the views and minds of young women in our society today. Due to being of the female gender, the author of Mascara, Aurelie Sheehan, empathizes with women by diving into the routes and tasks of their everyday lives. When first skimming over and reading Mascara, the mind picks up a routine of young women getting ready for an event. Sheehan is attempting to portray and reveal to the reader that society has put a false image in the minds of young women—if they are not perfect, they are not good enough. Women have been corrupted by society into thinking they must be perfect and have become overwhelmed with doing the simple day-to-day tasks or they will not be accepted in this world. Many men today do not realize that the media is having an effect on how they see women and how they believe women should look. The author is trying to express the fact that women believe they have to become something they are not. This goes back to the title Mascara, which is the Spanish word for mask, and that is exactly what women do today. Women today have become overwhelmed and insecure, and due to the corruption in society and the media they have been tricked into thinking they must be perfect. Today many women have become overwhelmed with doing the simple day-to-day tasks. Most women get up one to two hours before actually starting their day just to feel and look presentable. Throughout the story Mascara, the phrase â€Å"and then she† is displayed in almost every sentence. This story is not just about someone’s routine but it is in fact a list. A list that most women feel they have to go though everyday or every time they are going to go out somewhere. Most women have a false perspective of what they have to look like due to the corruption in today’s society and media. The overwhelming idea that society and the media have put into young women’s minds make them feels as if they have to keep changing who they are. Many people think that women enjoy and are happy to doll themselves up everyday, when in fact everyday they are overwhelmed with trying to look a certain away for either the morning or for going out. A young woman is carrying out a routine of forty-nine things she need to do before going on a date. Needing to do this forty-nine item routine before going out has insecurity written all over it. In the last sentence of Mascara it says, â€Å"And then she went to him† young women today feel as if they need to be all dolled up for a guy. When in fact guys like girls for who they are and not for who they are trying to be. Which goes back to the title Mascara† which is the Spanish word for mask and that is exactly what women do today. They put on a mask. When the young woman in this story is putting on her makeup she applies eight items to her face. Applying all of this to her skin shows the reader how insecure she is to show her true and real self. The saying,â€Å" Yeah. She is pretty now but have you seen her without her makeup on?†, plays a key role in why so many girls are insecure with themselves. Many young women today are afraid of what others will say about them if they show their true self or their true face and this is what the short story Mascara is really about. Thinking she needs to do a forty-nine item routine to her body before going out in public, tells the reader that young women today are always being judged and ridiculed by their piers and by society. This is why young women are so insecure with themselves. Every girl today feels as if they must be perfect. No matter what every girl looks like or who they are, women will find at lest one characteristic that they would change about themselves if they could. Women are rarely happy with who they are and feel as if they need to be perfect to be accepted or liked. The sad truth is that many women will not accept that there is no such thing as perfection. Many have come close to achieving perfection, but they will never actually achieve it. â€Å"And then she realized she had forgotten to weigh herself† the woman that is being spoken about in this story does not feel perfect because she thinks she needs to weigh herself, and in weighing herself it would tell her if she has reached the weight perfection or not. Media today with all the health and weight loss magazines are very misleading to young women into thinking they must be a certain weight and have their body look a certain way or they are not skinny enough. Women have taken this false image to heart and have put themselves at risk by trying to achieve the unachievable â€Å"perfection† statues. â€Å"And then she looked in the full-length mirror†¦.and then she turned to the side to look form a different angle.† Even after completing her whole routine, she has to look in the mirror to see if she had missed anything or if she needs to change anything about herself. Women feel as if they do not just have to weigh a certain amount but also have to look a certain way too. Many women feel the need to possess certain qualities of perfection, such as perfect height, perfect weight, perfect looks, and perfect skin. These thoughts do not just randomly pop into women’s heads, it is society and the media that is putting these false hopes into their minds. For example in every magazine or on every poster the models in them have perfect bodies and you cannot find one flaw in them. There are no overweight or imperfections in the models in this form of media, which has corrupted women into thinking that looking anything other than what they see in this form of media is n ot acceptable. Many men today do not realize that the media is having an effect on how they see women and how they think women should look. The media has also put a false image in men’s heads in thinking that all women need to look the same or they are not good enough. This has put pressure on young women today because they think they need to look and be someone that they are not. A lot of women do not just wake up and look like they do every morning. Many women go though long routines and list to obtain their looks. This is displayed in the short story Mascara because a young woman does a routine of forty-nine items just to go on a date with a guy. She does not just do every thing in her routine once but rather does a few of them at least two times. Men do not realize that women put a lot of time and effort into getting ready, which men take for granted. Mascara is short story that displays the truth on what many women do before going on a date. Many women go though long routines to get ready so they can feel good about themselves. Many women have become insecure with themselves due to the false and negative images in the media that is displayed around them. Many women feel as if they need to look and act a certain way to be accepted and to not be judged by their peers. From how media shows how women are suppose to look, many women have become insecure with themselves, and feel the need to be perfect when in fact perfection is unachievable. Women today have become overwhelmed and insecure due to the corruption in society and the media, into thinking they must be perfect.

Narrative Technique of Sula Essay

Although Sula is arranged in chronological order, it does not construct a linear story with the causes of each new plot event clearly visible in the preceding chapter. Instead, Sula uses â€Å"juxtaposition,† the technique through which collages are put together. The effects of a collage on the viewer depend on unusual combinations of pictures, or on unusual arrangements such as overlapping. The pictures of a collage don’t fit smoothly together, yet they create a unified effect. The â€Å"pictures† of Sula’s collage are separate events or character sketches. Together, they show the friendship of Nel and Sula as part of the many complicated, overlapping relationships that make up the Bottom. Morrison presents the novel from the perspective of an omniscient narrator — one who knows all the characters’ thoughts and feelings. An omniscient narrator usually puts the reader in the position of someone viewing a conventional portrait or landscape rather than a collage. (In such situations, the viewer can perceive the unity of the whole work with only a glance.) To create the collage-like effect of Sula, the omniscient narrator never reveals the thoughts of all the characters at one time. Instead, from chapter to chapter, she chooses a different point-of-view character, so that a different person’s consciousness and experience dominate a particular incident or section. In addition, the narrator sometimes moves beyond the consciousness of single, individual characters, to reveal what groups in the community think and feel. On the rare occasions when it agrees unanimously, she presents the united community’s view. As in The Bluest Eye and Jazz, the comm unity has such a direct impact on individuals that it amounts to a character. In narrative technique for Sula, Morrison draws on a specifically modernist usage of juxtaposition. Modernism, discussed in Chapter 3, was the dominant literary movement during the first half of the twentieth century. Writers of this period abandoned the unifying, omniscient narrator of earlier literature to make literature more like life, in which each of us has to make our own sense of the world. Rather than passively receiving a smooth, connected story from an authoritative narrator, the reader is forced to piece together a coherent plot and meaning from more separated pieces of  information. Modernists experimented with many literary genres. For example, T. S. Eliot created his influential poem The Wasteland by juxtaposing quotations from other literary works and songs, interspersed with fragmentary narratives of original stories. Fiction uses an analogous technique of juxtaposition. Each successive chapter of William Faulkner novel As I Lay Dying, for instance, drops the reader into a different character’s consciousness without the direction or help of an omniscient narrator. To figure out the plot, the reader must work through the perceptions of characters who range from a seven-year-old boy to a madman. The abrupt, disturbing shifts from one consciousness to another are an intended part of the reader’s experience. As with all literary techniques, juxtaposition is used to communicate particular themes. In Cane, a work that defies our usual definitions of literary genres, Jean Toomer juxtaposed poetry and brief prose sketches. In this way, Cane establishes its thematic contrast of rural black culture in the South and urban black culture of the North. Morrison, who wrote her master’s thesis on two modernists, Faulkner and Virginia Woolf, uses juxtaposition as a structuring device in Sula. Though relatively short for a novel, Sula has an unusually large number of chapters, eleven. This division into small pieces creates an intended choppiness, the uncomfortable sense of frequently stopping and starting. The content of the chapters accentuates this choppy rhythm. Almost every chapter shifts the focus from the story of the preceding chapter by changing the point-of-view character or introducing sudden, shocking events and delaying discussion of the characters’ motives until later. In â€Å"1921,† for example, Eva douses her son Plum with kerosene and burns him to death. Although the reader knows that Plum has become a heroin addict, Eva’s reasoning is not revealed. When Hannah, naturally assuming that Eva doesn’t know of Plum’s danger, tells her that Plum is burning, the chapter ends with Eva’s almost nonchalant â€Å"Is? My baby? Burning?† (48). Not until midway through the next chapter, â€Å"1923,† does Hannah’s questioning allow the reader to understand Eva’s motivation. Juxtaposition thus heightens the reader’s sense of incompleteness. Instead of providing quick resolution, juxtaposition  introduces new and equally disturbing events. Paradoxically, when an occasional chapter does contain a single story apparently complete in itself, it too contributes to the novel’s overall choppy rhythm. In a novel using a simple, chronological mode of narration, each succeeding chapter would pick up where the last one left off, with the main characters now involved in a different incident, but in some clear way affected by their previous experience. In Sula, however, some characters figure prominently in one chapter and then fade entirely into the background. The first chapter centers on Shadrack, and although he appears twice more and has considerable psychic importance to Sula and symbolic importance to the novel, he is not an important actor again. In similar fashion, Helene Wright is the controlling presence of the third chapter, â€Å"1920,† but barely appears in the rest of the book. These shifts are more unsettling than if Shadrack and Helene were ancestors of the other characters, generations removed, because the reader would then expect them to disappear. Their initial prominence and later shadowy presence contribute to the reader’s feeling of disruption. The choppy narration of Sula expresses one of its major themes, the fragmentation of both individuals and the community. Sula. New York: Knopf, 1973. Rpt. New York: Penguin, 1982